background and purpose: Members of the GPCR family are targeted by a significant fraction of the available FDA-approved drugs. However, the physiological role and pharmacological properties of many GPCRs remain unknown, representing untapped potential in drug design. Of particular interest are ~100 less-studied GPCRs known as orphans because their endogenous ligands are unknown. Intriguingly, disease-causing mutations identified in patients, together with animal studies, have demonstrated that many orphan receptors play crucial physiological roles and, thus, represent attractive drug targets.
experimental approach: The majority of deorphanized GPCRs demonstrate coupling to G . However, a limited number of techn... More
background and purpose: Members of the GPCR family are targeted by a significant fraction of the available FDA-approved drugs. However, the physiological role and pharmacological properties of many GPCRs remain unknown, representing untapped potential in drug design. Of particular interest are ~100 less-studied GPCRs known as orphans because their endogenous ligands are unknown. Intriguingly, disease-causing mutations identified in patients, together with animal studies, have demonstrated that many orphan receptors play crucial physiological roles and, thus, represent attractive drug targets.
experimental approach: The majority of deorphanized GPCRs demonstrate coupling to G . However, a limited number of techniques allow the detection of intrinsically small constitutive activity associated with G protein activation, which represents a significant barrier in our ability to study orphan GPCR signalling. Using luciferase reporter assays, we effectively detected constitutive G , G and G protein signalling by unliganded receptors and introducing various G protein chimeras, we provide a novel, highly sensitive tool capable of identifying G coupling in unliganded orphan GPCRs.
key results: Using this approach, we measured the constitutive activity of the entire class C GPCR family that includes eight orphan receptors and a subset of 20 prototypical class A GPCR members, including 11 orphans. Excitingly, this approach illuminated the G protein coupling profile of eight orphan GPCRs (GPR22, GPR137b, GPR88, GPR156, GPR158, GPR179, GPRC5D and GPRC6A) previously linked to pathophysiological processes.
conclusion and implications: We provide a new platform that could be utilized in ongoing studies in orphan receptor signalling and de-orphanization efforts.
